It is important to mention that the IC

It is important to mention that the IC50 of cetirizine needed to achieve histamine H2 receptor desensitization was 0.43 µM or 170 ng/ml (Fig. 1B), becoming clinically relevant since pharmacokinetic studies after oral administration of the clinically used dose (10 mg/day) reported a maximal plasma concentration of 311 ng/ml. Among all the tested histamine H1 receptor inverse agonist, cetirizine showed the highest efficacy leaving a residual activity of histamine H2 receptor between 40% and 60% for HEK293-H1R-H2R and U937 cells, respectively (Fig. 1C and F). This interference in histamine H2 receptor response was similar to that achieved by histamine H1 receptor agonist (Alonso et al., 2013), denoting a control of the histamine response through histamine H2 receptor by histamine H1 receptor. Several GPCRs regulate their functions through cointernalization, which explains the signaling crossdesensitization reported in somatostatin 2 A/opioid receptors and adenosine A2A/dopamine D2 receptors (Hillion et al., 2002, Pfeiffer et al., 2002), and can even trigger new intracellular signaling pathways. In this sense, Smith et al. described that the cointernalization of the protease-activated receptor-4/purinergic receptor P2Y12 heterodimer is necessary for β-arrestin recruitment to endosomes and Akt signaling (Smith et al., 2017). Regarding histamine H1 and H2 receptors, cointernalization and heterodimerization have been described upon histamine H1 or H2 receptor agonist stimulus, although receptor cointernalization is not the only mechanism of desensitization (Alonso et al., 2013). In reference to histamine H2 receptor inverse agonists, cimetidine, ranitidine, and famotidine have shown to elicit histamine H2 receptor internalization as part of their pluripotential efficacy, in an arrestin and dynamin dependent manner (Alonso et al., 2014). This report provides the first evidence that histamine H1 receptor inverse agonists can induce the internalization of their own receptor. In line with these findings, cetirizine showed to induce histamine H1 receptor internalization both, in Benztropine mesylate australia that endogenously express the receptor (U937) and in a recombinant system (HEK293-H1R and HEK293-H1R-H2R) (Fig. 6). Moreover, regarding the crossregulation between histamine H1 and H2 receptor, here we describe a new efficacy for several histamine H1 and H2 receptor inverse agonists, as they induce the cointernalization of both receptors, interfering in the signaling cascade of receptors that have never been challenged to their own ligands. Further investigations are necessary in order to unravel what happens after internalization, whether the receptors heterodimerize in the endosomes and may, eventually, trigger some type of intracellular signaling. Our findings open an interesting field of study related to histamine H1 and H2 receptor inverse agonists. The repurposing of well-characterized and well-tolerated drugs in order to treat illnesses for which they were not originally intended has emerged as an attractive alternative to a long and costly process of drug development. Repositioning antihistaminergic ligands seems a promising idea given that histamine exerts a variety of actions throughout the body and that histamine H1 and H2 receptors are ubiquitously expressed. In this sense, novel clinical applications for histamine H1 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists are currently being studied for the management of different pathological situations, such as inflammatory-related conditions (in combination with glucocorticoids) (Zappia et al., 2015), analgesia (Stein et al., 2016) or neurodegenerative and sleep disorders (Kim and Song, 2017, Krystal, 2015). In the same way, evidence for anti-cancer effects of the histamine H2 receptor inverse agonist cimetidine has been reported in various types of neoplasias, including glioblastoma, cholangiocarcinoma, malignant melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, colorectal and gastric cancer (Dana et al., 2017, Pantziarka et al., 2014). Likewise, histamine H2 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist use was recently associated with a lower risk for incident heart failure and better preserved stroke volume, left ventricular end-diastolic volume, and mass/volume ratio over time in community dwelling adults (Leary et al., 2016). It would be interesting to determine whether beneficial effects of histamine H2 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists in heart failure pathologies rely, at least partially, on histamine H1 and H2 receptor crossdesensitization/cointernalization. Thus, histamine H2 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists could also modulate the histamine H1 receptor-mediated pro-inflammatory response to endogenous histamine, aiding the resolution of the cardiac disease. We believe that these newly described pharmacological behaviors may encourage and clarify the mechanisms of histamine H2 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists in cardiac tissue.