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  • Introduction It is well known that size structure and shape

    2018-11-01

    Introduction It is well known that size, structure and shape have significant influence on properties of inorganic/organic materials, such as optics, electrics, optoelectronics, gas-sensor, and magnetic properties [1–9]. Similarly, micro/nano-energetic materials with distinct structures and extremely small feature sizes also exhibit structure- and size-dependent diprenorphine properties, including thermal decomposition, sensitivity and operational performance [10–14]. Therefore, the controllable preparation of micro/nano-energetic materials with different morphologies and sizes is of great importance for achieving desirable properties. However, it diprenorphine is more difficult for the synthesis of micro/nano-energetic materials than that of inorganic nanostructures because most of energetic compounds feature van der Waals or other weak intermolecular interactions among molecules, and they are dangerous explosives [15–17]. Up to now, relatively few facile and simple approaches have been developed to construct the micro/nanoparticles of energetic materials, mainly including reprecipitation [10,18], rapid expansion of supercritical solutions [19,20], and physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques [21]. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, there have scarcely been any reports on the detailed researches of micro/nano-energetic materials with various morphologies and dimensions so far. Accordingly, the development of mild and universal methods for the fabrication of micro/nano-energetic materials with novel morphologies is clearly of great urgency but a tremendous challenge. In this review, the recent progress of the size- and structure-controlled micro/nanomaterials based on energetic compounds is introduced. In Section 2, the advanced construction strategies developed for the fabrication of energetic micro/nanostructures are reviewed. The preparation methods for energetic micro/nanostructures with diverse dimensions and sizes are discussed in detail. In Section 3, some more recently studied unique properties of micro/nano-energetic materials are introduced, with emphasis on the size-dependent thermal decomposition and tunable sensitivity characteristics. In Section 4, a summary and our view of the future development trend in this area are given.
    Construction technologies The development of effective and universal construction technologies is prerequisite to the further investigation of micro/nano-energetic materials. However, most current approaches which have been developed to prepare the inorganic nanomaterials, are not applicable for energetic materials due to the lower melting/sublimation points and huge potential danger. In the field of organic small-molecule nanomaterials, the considerable efforts have been dedicated to the controllable synthesis of various organic nanomaterials with distinct shapes, such as nanoparticles [22–24], nanotubes [25,26], nanowires [27–29], nanorods [30,31], and nanobelts [32,33]. These fruitful attempts should give a useful enlightenment for the design and fabrication of micro/nano-energetic materials with peculiar structures. Therefore, in this section, we just introduce in more detail the recent successful examples of synthesizing micro/nano-energetic materials with the prevalent methods which have been used extensively in other fields.
    Properties
    Conclusions and future perspective Currently, the research on micro/nanomaterials based on energetic compounds is still in its infancy, and there is a lot of work to do in this area. In our opinion, several research directions should be paid more attention in the future. Firstly, morphological convergence is still necessary to develop the methods for the design and controllable construction of micro/nano-energetic materials with large scale, special dimensions, desired structures and sizes [190,205–207], although some progress has been made to date. At the same time, the development of better characterization methods is equally important to further understand the nature of the nano-energetic materials at the molecular level. Secondly, we think that the systematic study, especially for relationship between detailed structures/shapes and various fundamental properties, should be carried out [169]. Thirdly, it is necessary to explore and improve the stability, safety and reliability of micro/nano-energetic materials [208,209]. In addition, as to the great potential application of micro/nano-energetic materials, the micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) has proved to be a promising direction for micro/nano-scale energetic materials with specific structures [210], and the fabrication of thin films and patterns composing of the nanostructured building blocks on solid substrates, such as glass, ceramic, and crystalline silicon, is essential for the realization of practical devices [211–214].