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    • There are many studies on antioxidant activity of A

    2018-11-12

    There are many studies on antioxidant activity of A. calamus for instance, the ethanolic extract prevented acrylamide-induced hind limb paralysis, decreased GSH and GST, increased dopamine receptors in the corpus striatum [37]. Ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts (50mg/kg bw) of A. calamus was effective in preventing noise stress induced oxidative damage [38,39]. Similarly, methanolic extract prevents oxidative damage caused by nickel chloride [40] or ethanol induced oxidative stress [41]. Above studies proved long term effect, the days of treatment periods are long and dose of the infusion is quite high. Our present study demonstrated the acute effect of the A. calamus extract on stress induced alterations with a lesser dose and also we proved that A. calamus is effective in preventing the DNA damage induced by oxidative stress. Stress is an inescapable fact of life and exposure to stressful situations is among the most common human experiences. It is reported that exposure to stress can stimulate many metabolic pathways leading to increased production of the oxygen free radicals [42,43]. Various stressors viz. immobilization [44,45], restraint [46] and cold stress [47] are known to induce oxidative stress. However an animal model which can be used to get results within a short duration (1 day) was used in our present study, wherein 2h after restraint there was a significant decrease in histone demethylase inhibitor total antioxidant activity compared to initial level (0h) and it was further significantly decreased 4h after forced swimming exercise. Thus significant drop in plasma total antioxidant activity was achieved within 9h of experimental duration in this rat model. This model mimics the human life situations, as a person is subjected to acute stressors several times in a day due to life events. Oral administration of benzene extract, prior to stress treatment, prevented stress induced decrease in plasma total antioxidant activity following RS or FS. A dose of 5mg/kg body weight was minimum effective dose as its preventive effects were similar to antioxidant activity of a standard antioxidant vitamin C. Thus present study clearly demonstrates that benzene extract of A. calamus is a source of most potent antioxidant compound as it exerts its action by inhibiting different mechanisms of free radical generation or scavenging as shown by in vitro assays as well as its efficacy in vivo. However, the components responsible for the above mentioned activity are currently unclear. Therefore, our studies are underway to isolate and identify the potent antioxidant molecules in the rhizome of A. calamus and to study their health benefits.
    Funding The work was supported by a grant from Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, through the University Grants Commission to University of Mysore, under the Institution of Excellence scheme.
    Conflict of interest
    Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common chronic disease that has become a serious health issue due to its associated complications. There are two types of DM: type 1 DM, caused by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, resulting in an insulin deficiency, and type 2 DM results from defects in insulin secretion or insulin resistance [1,2]. DM is characterized by high blood glucose levels, which lead to complications such as hypertension, neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, and diabetic foot ulcers [3]. Type 2 DM is the most frequently encountered form of DM, accounting for more than 80% of all cases [4]. The number of DM patients has markedly increased in the past few years and is estimated to rise to 366million by 2030 [5]. Current DM treatments are based on the use of synthetic drugs, which are often associated with a number of serious adverse effects [6]. Therefore, the development of better pharmaceuticals as alternatives for the treatment of DM without any side effects is urgently needed. Natural compounds from plants have attracted much attention because they become alternatives to the currently used synthetic DM drugs. Ethnobotanical studies have identified approximately 1200 plants in the world with antidiabetic potential [7]. Several studies also suggested the application of medicinal plant extracts to antidiabetic treatments due to fewer side effects than those of synthetic medicines [8,9]. Another advantage is that natural compounds may be safely consumed in the daily diet, thereby reducing the risk of DM [10].