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  • It is intriguing to note that high cholesterol feeding

    2018-10-22

    It is intriguing to note that high cholesterol feeding improved antioxidants (when compared to controls) in a few instances. Such improvements in antioxidants are an adaptive mechanism by the organism and have been reported in the literature [43]. Although there was no synergy among the dietary fenugreek and garlic in alleviating the oxidative stress, the beneficial effect was nevertheless higher in the case of majority of antioxidant parameters of blood, heart, and liver. Murugesan et al. [44] and Panda et al. [45] have observed the cardioprotective effect of intragastrically administered fenugreek (250mg/kg body mass for 15 days) or trigonelline isolated from fenugreek seed, as evident from significantly decreased levels of TBARS and enhanced activities of antioxidant arecoline hydrobromide and antioxidant molecule glutathione in myocardial infarcted rats. Our present study which examined dietary fenugreek (10%) for 8 weeks also showed the cardio protective effect through lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system during isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats. Our present study has elucidated the antioxidant role of whole garlic (2% freeze-dried powder). A marked reversal of decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes in the heart tissue of myocardial infarcted rats as a result of daily administration of commercial garlic oil (75mg/kg body mass) has been reported [29]. Similar to the results observed by Banerjee et al. [46] and Asdaq and Inamdar [47] with chronic administration of raw garlic (500mg/kg body mass for 30 days), our dietary administration of the same also offered protection against isoproterenol induced myocardial necrosis and associated oxidative stress in myocardial tissue. Absence of any benefit of garlic on glutathione levels and the activity of glutathione peroxidase in the myocardium of infarcted rats agrees with the report of Banerjee et al. [46]. Our present study additionally provides information on the cardio protective influence of fenugreek and garlic not only individually consumed, but also when these two are consumed together. Evaluation of the cardio protective influence through beneficial modulation antioxidant stress associated with myocardial infarction under condition of hypercholesterolemia is yet another novelty of our investigation. In summary, the current study demonstrated that dietary fenugreek and garlic significantly alleviated isoproterenol induced myocardial necrosis. Decreased myocardial necrosis as evidenced by restored activities of cardiac membrane-bound ATPase enzymes and histoarchitectural changes and augmentation of endogenous antioxidants, all contribute to their cardio protective potential. Thus, pretreatment with dietary fenugreek seeds, garlic or fenugreek+garlic for 8 weeks was found to ameliorate the effect of isoproterenol-induced pathological changes in heart, and compromised antioxidant status, the beneficial effect being higher in the case of dietary intervention with the combination of fenugreek seeds and garlic. Cardiac hypertrophy (heart to body mass ratio) observed in myocardial infarction of HCD-fed rats was effectively countered particularly by the combination of fenugreek+garlic It would be interesting to observe whether the improvements in cardiac antioxidant activities and ATPase pumps due to fenugreek, garlic, and fenugreek+garlic supplementation in the diseased hearts, actually translate into functional benefits. Since inflammation is also a major contributor in the development and progression of heart disease, it would be interesting to examine the effects of fenugreek and garlic supplementation both individually and in combination on inflammatory markers such as TNF-α or IL-6. Thus, dietary fenugreek seeds, garlic or fenugreek+garlic ameliorated the effect of isoproterenol-induced pathological changes in heart, and compromised antioxidant status, the beneficial cardio protective effect being higher in the case of dietary intervention with the combination of fenugreek seeds and garlic. The antioxidant property of fenugreek and garlic as evidenced in this study has far-reaching nutraceutical value. The antioxidant properties of these spices are of particular interest in view of the impact of suppression of oxidative stress in the development of cardiovascular disease. Although the beneficial antioxidative influence of these spices were seen with concentrations more than the normal levels found in Indian diets, such higher levels can be comfortably consumed to derive the health beneficial antioxidant effects.