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br Polyphenols tea polyphenols red wine
Polyphenols (tea polyphenols, red wine polyphenols and chocolate polyphenols)
Polyphenols are natural organic compounds rich in fruits and vegetables, tea, red wine, honey and cocoa beans. Polyphenols with multiple hydroxyl groups can effectively remove free radicals including O2− and singlet oxygen to execute healthcare functions. Similarly, according to the previous studies, cocoa polyphenols can significantly decrease the level of oxidative stress in alcoholic fatty liver. The model mice with alcoholic fatty liver subjected to the treatment of cocoa polyphenols can reveal a significantly decreased level of PLOOH as the oxidative stress indicator of phospholipid hydroperoxide in animal liver, suggesting that cocoa polyphenols have obvious protective effect on liver [14]. In addition, cocoa polyphenols also have an inhibitory effect on the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein, thus preventing arteriosclerosis, coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction. After the administration of model rabbits with high cholesterol with cocoa polyphenols for a month, the content of LDL in blood was significantly reduced. The damaged area of arteriosclerosis in mice subjected to the treatment of cocoa polyphenols was significantly smaller than that in the control group. The contents of cholesterol and TBARS, and the oxidative stress in tissues were significantly lower than those in the control group [15].
Moreover, green tea polyphenols have obvious protective effect on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer\'s disease. In the pathogenesis of AD, Aβ aggregation can lead to the generation of a large amount of free radicals such as active oxygen species and active nitrogen species, correspondingly resulting in oxidative stress and accelerating neuronal death. (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) as the effective component in green tea polyphenols was reported to significantly reduce the Aβ deposition in transgenic mice with the over-expression of Aβ and increase the activity of α-secretase, suggesting that green tea polyphenols have an important role in decreasing oxidative stress in the Zalcitabine of AD patients [16]. Another study on model mice with high-fat and high-sugar diet for 4 weeks and green tea polyphenol solution instead of drinking water revealed that green tea polyphenols can result in the significant reduction in the permeability of large artery and ROS levels as well as protein expression level of NAD(P)H oxidase subunit p22phox and p67phox in high-fat and high-sugar diet-induced model mice. As NAD(P)H oxidase is an important source of ROS in vivo, the antioxidant effect of green tea polyphenols in vivo may implement through inhibiting the expression of NAD(P)H oxidase [19]. Baba et al. [18] have also found that the contents of derivatives from ROS metabolites in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma reveal a significant decrease when provided with green tea tablets during the chemotherapy treatment. In addition, the free radical analysis system 4 (FRAS4) has shown that the potential of biological antioxidant is greatly improved. Moreover, green tea polyphenols also have an important function in inhibiting tumor and inflammation [17,20,45].
Grape seeds and red wine also contain a large amount of polyphenols. French scientists have confirmed that grape polyphenols can inhibit the oxidative stress and insulin resistance induced by fructose in type II diabetic patients at the first phase. In their experiments, 18 male and 20 female patients were randomly divided into two groups and treated with grape polyphenols and placebo. The results showed that the reduced negative effects such as insulin resistance and oxidative stress induced by fructose were observed due to the treatment of grape polyphenols [21]. Grape seed polyphenol can also inhibit the apoptosis of vascular cells through inhibiting ROS produced by xanthine oxidase [22]. Polyphenols in peach fruits was found to have an obvious inhibitory effect on the cell growth and metastasis of breast cancer. In addition, human breast cancer cells were transplanted into the model mice, and the model mice were subjected to the treatment of 0.8-1.6mg peach polyphenol each day. The results showed that the expression of metalloproteinases (MMPs) such as MMP1, MMP2 and MMP13 associated with the cell growth and metastasis of tumors was significantly inhibited, and the tumor volume of the model mice in the treatment group was significantly reduced, suggesting that peach polyphenols can be used as a combinatorial treatment method of chemotherapy to inhibit tumor development at the early stage of tumor [23]. British scientists have found that polyphenols can reduce oxidative stress for maintaining the health status of cardiovascular system recently. In their experiment, 66 health adults with the consumption of fruits and vegetables less than 2 portions a day were divided into 3 groups and were provided with placebo (water), low concentration of black currant juice (rich in polyphenols and vitamin C), and high concentration of black currant juice for 6 successive weeks, respectively. The results demonstrated that the content of oxidative stress indicator F2-isoprostane in black currant juice group was lower than that in the placebo group, and that the health index of cardiovascular system for the regulation and relaxation capacity of blood flow was significantly higher than that in the placebo group [24].