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    • myc pathway Since the different terrorist attack

    2018-11-01

    Since 1968, the different terrorist attack cases have been occurred [2]. To protect the naval vessel from these threats, the structure has to be supported by shock wave mitigation methods. Regarding to the good mechanical characteristics of the composite materials, they have varieties of applications, including military and defense applications. The understanding of blast response and resistance of these materials is very important to design a new material and decrease the effect of this attack. Many academic researchers have studied the response of different plates in the form of sandwich structure under the effect of different applied blast stresses [3–5]. Many studies have investigated the homogenous composite materials subjecting to different loads [6–10]. The addition of polymeric materials to different structures was studied to enhance the blast wave resistance [11]. The polymeric materials were used to decrease the weight of naval vessels and increase the protection level of their bodies. The dynamic response of metallic lattice sandwich plates under impulsive loading applied by ballistic pendulum system was studied [12]. Liu et al. studied the effect of blast loading on metallic sandwich-walled hollow cylinders with graded aluminum foam cores [13]. Sandwich tubes under internal explosive loading were investigated experimentally and the deformation of sandwich tubes occurred sequentially from the inner tube to the outer one was discussed [14]. Short duration of pressure pulses resulting from underwater explosions was represented by Riccardo et al. [15]. The myc pathway dissipation and deformation occurred to sandwich structures subjected to underwater blast loading was investigated [16]. Several typical phenomena can be observed by explosion of charge under water. These phenomena are the shock wave, gas bubble, cavitation, etc. Park [17] indicated that the explosive charge is converted to gaseous products at high temperature of 3000 °C and produce shock wave pressure of approximate 500 MPa. The main product of the explosion conversion is gas at high temperature and pressure [18,19]. The reaction advance from the c-j plane to complete explosion reaction was presented in Ref. [20]. The resulted gaseous products form spherical gas bubbles producing initial shock wave followed by a further series of bubble oscillations until arriving to the surface or any target. After underwater explosive conversion, the generated shock wave propagates spherically at a speed which is faster than sound speed at first and then decreases to the similar value [21]. The formed gases provide rapid rise for the pulsed waves which are difficult for controlling and require a suitable safety arrangement. Underwater shock generator can be easily controlled and safer during test. Many researches studied and proved ossification the underwater shock wave generator can produce a pressure wave profile similar to the shock wave profile resulting from free underwater explosion tests [22–26]. Deshpande et al. designed an underwater shock wave generator filled with water to study the effect of different pressure pulses on several plates under water, reducing the time and cost of underwater explosions test [27]. Guan et al. studied another novel technique based on transmission tube and explosion method [28]. Using steel projectile as a source of impact energy, a laboratory underwater shock wave generator was designed to produce underwater shock pressure. The underwater shock wave generator can be controlled by changing the mass and the velocity of the impact projectile [29]. Another apparatus made from water-filled fiber composite tube and 1.5 kg striker was used to test different fiber plates [30].
    Material specification Multi-layer sandwich panels were fabricated. The outer sides of the panels were aluminum plates and the core was composed of two sheets of foam and one sheet of rubber, as shown in Fig. 1. Each aluminum 204 alloy has a composition of (93Al, 4.15Cu, 0.1 Cr, 0.5 Mn, 0.5 Si, 0.25 Zn, 1.5 Mg wt%), and the 8 mm thick and 0.98 kg weight multi-layer panel has a 330 × 330 mm face area. For comparison, an examined aluminum jackets made from three aluminum plates was prepared, which has the same face area mentioned above, and is 4.5 mm in thickness and 1.13 kg in weight. The constructions of the different plates are shown in Fig. 1 and the further details are provided in Table 1.